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create reserves

  • 1 формировать резервы

    Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > формировать резервы

  • 2 Rückstellung

    Rückstellung f RW, STEUER provision, liability reserve Rückstellung auflösen STEUER liquidate a liability reserve, reverse a liability reserve, liquidate a reserve (for uncertain liabilities and anticipated losses) Rückstellung bilden RW, STEUER form a liability reserve, set up a liability reserve, accrue a reserve
    * * *
    f <Bank, Rechnung, Steuer> provision, liability reserve ■ Rückstellung bilden < Rechnung> form a liability reserve, set up a liability reserve
    * * *
    Rückstellung
    provision, reserve[s], transfer (allocation) to reserves, reservation, deduction, (Dienstpflicht) draft deferment, (Rückstellungsbetrag) reserve allowance, sum reserved;
    nach Rückstellung für unvorhergesehene Ausgaben after provision for contingencies;
    ohne Rückstellung without deduction;
    außerbetriebliche Rückstellungen non-operating reserves;
    besondere Rückstellung special (provident) reserve;
    langfristige Rückstellungen long-term provisions;
    steuerfreie Rückstellungen untaxed reserves;
    zweckgebundene Rückstellungen appropriated reserve;
    Rückstellung für Abnutzungen (Abschreibungen) allowance (provision) for depreciation, accrued depreciation reserve, reserved property (Br.), reserve for wear, tear, obsolescence or inadequacy;
    Rückstellung für Abschreibung langfristiger Anlagegüter (Anlagenerneuerung) amortization reserve, reserve for amortization;
    Rückstellungen für Anlageveränderungen reserve for investment fluctuations;
    Rückstellung für Anlagenwertverminderung provision for depreciation of investment;
    Rückstellung für Anschaffung hochwertiger Wirtschaftsgüter des Anlagevermögens reserve for high replacement cost;
    Rückstellung für Auffüllung der Lagerbestände provision for replacement of inventories (US);
    Rückstellung für genehmigte Ausgaben reserve for authorized expenditures;
    Rückstellung für unvorhergesehene Ausgaben reserve (provision) for contingencies, contingent reserve;
    Rückstellung für Ausgleichsforderungen equalization reserve;
    Rückstellungen für Betriebsunfälle industrial accident reserve;
    Rückstellung für erschöpfte Bodenschätze depletion reserve;
    Rückstellung für Devisenschwankungen allowance for exchange fluctuations;
    Rückstellung für Dividendenausschüttungen reserve for dividends voted;
    Rückstellung für Dividendennachzahlung reserve for deferred dividends;
    Rückstellung für Dubiose allowance for doubtful (Br.) (bad, US) debts, bad-debts reserve (US), reserve for contingent liabilities (Br.), doubtful-debt provisions (Br.);
    Rückstellung für Eigenversicherung insurance reserve;
    Rückstellung für Einkommensteuer provision (reserve) for income tax;
    Rückstellung für Ersatzbeschaffungen replacement reserve, provision for renewals (Br.);
    Rückstellung für Eventualverbindlichkeiten provision for contingencies, contingency reserve, reserve for contingent liabilities (Br.), liability reserve;
    Rückstellungen für strittige Forderungen bad-claim reserve (US);
    Rückstellung für zweifelhafte (dubiose) Forderungen provision (reserve) for doubtful accounts (Br.), bad-debt reserve (US);
    Rückstellung für Gebäudereparaturen provision for building repairs;
    Rückstellung für Gehälter provision for salaries;
    Rückstellung für Generalkosten reserve for overheads;
    Rückstellungen von Gold earmarking of gold;
    Rückstellung für Grundstücksbelastungen reserve for encumbrances;
    Rückstellung für Grundstücksentwertungen reserve for depreciation of real-estate owned;
    Rückstellungen für Inflationsausgleich contingencies for inflation adjustment;
    Rückstellung für Inventarergänzungen provision for inventory reserve;
    Rückstellung für mögliche Inventarverluste reserve for possible inventory losses;
    Rückstellung für Konsolidierungsaufgaben funding provision;
    Rückstellung für Kosten eines schwebenden Prozesses reserve for payments to be made under a pending lawsuit, reserve for claim in litigation;
    Rückstellungen im Kreditgeschäft (für Kreditausfälle) provisions for possible loan losses;
    Rückstellung für faule Kunden provision for doubtful accounts (Br.), bad-debt provision (reserve) (US);
    Rückstellungen für Kursverluste reserve for loss on investment;
    Rückstellung für Mindereinnahmen deficiency reserve;
    Rückstellung für Neubewertungen revaluation reserve;
    Rückstellung für besondere Notfälle (Bundesnotenbank) naked reserve (US);
    Rückstellung für Pensionsverpflichtungen reserve for retirement allowances;
    Rückstellung für Produktionsausfall deficiency reserve;
    Rückstellungen für nicht vermietete Räume allowance for vacancies;
    Rückstellung für einzelne Rechnungsposten allowance for items in an account;
    Rückstellungen für zurückgestellte Reparaturen und Neuanschaffungen reserve (provision) for deferred repairs and renewals;
    Rückstellung für noch nicht feststehende Risiken (Bilanz) contingencies;
    Rückstellung für Ruhegeldverpflichtungen pension reserve;
    Rückstellungen für noch nicht regulierte Schadenfälle (Bilanz einer Lebensversicherungsgesellschaft) reserve for outstanding claims, claim reserves;
    Rückstellung für zweifelhafte Schulden allowance for doubtful (Br.) (bad, US) debts, reserve for contingent liabilities (Br.), bad-debts reserve (US);
    Rückstellung für Schuldentilgung reserve for debt redemption;
    Rückstellung für Skontonachlässe reserve for discounts;
    Rückstellung für Steuern deduction (reserve) for taxes, provision for taxation (taxes), taxation reserve;
    Rückstellung für Steuernachzahlungen deferred tax provision;
    Rückstellung für Steuerzahlungen auf nicht entnommene Gewinne provision for taxation on unrealized surpluses;
    Rückstellung für Substanzverminderung reserve for depletion;
    Rückstellung für Überalterung provision for obsolescence;
    Rückstellung für Umstellungskosten reserve for conversion cost;
    Rückstellung für Unfälle reserve for accidents;
    Rückstellung für Unterhaltungskosten maintenance reserve;
    Rückstellung für Urlaubsgelder accrual for vacation pay (Br.);
    Rückstellung für eingegangene Verbindlichkeiten liability reserve;
    Rückstellungen für ungewisse Verbindlichkeiten contingency reserve;
    Rückstellung für Verluste loss reserve;
    Rückstellungen für drohende Verluste (Versicherung) technical reserves;
    Rückstellung für Verluste aus Fertigungsaufträgen provision for losses on contracts;
    Rückstellung für eventuelle Verluste im Kreditgeschäft reserve for possible loan losses;
    Rückstellungen für mögliche Verluste am Reingewinn surplus contingency reserve;
    Rückstellung für schwebende Versicherungsfälle reserve for claims pending;
    Rückstellung zur Verteilung des Reingewinns reservation for earned surplus (US);
    Rückstellung für Währungsausgleich reserve for currency equalization;
    Rückstellungen und Wertberichtigungen revaluation and reserves, evaluation reserves;
    Rückstellung für Wertminderung provision for depreciation;
    Rückstellung für Wertminderungen der Vorräte reserve for future decline in inventories;
    Rückstellung für Wiederbeschaffung replacement reserve;
    gewaltige Rückstellungen für Steuernachzahlungen in der Bilanz ansammeln to accumulate mountainous deferred tax provisions in the balance sheet;
    Rückstellungen auflösen to write back provisions;
    Rückstellung bilden to create (set up) a reserve, to make provision for;
    Rückstellungen für Steuernachzahlungen bilden to provide for deferred taxes;
    Rückstellungen für Steuernachzahlungen zur Pflicht machen to make provisions for deferred tax compulsory;
    Rückstellungen vornehmen to set aside as reserve, to make provisions, to create reserves;
    hohe Rückstellungen vornehmen to put large sums to reserve;
    Rückstellungen für Devisenschwankungen vornehmen to allow for exchange fluctuations;
    Rückstellungen für Dubiose (dubiose Forderungen) vornehmen to allow for bad (US) (doubtful, Br.) debts, to make due allowance for doubtful (Br.) (bad, US) debts;
    ausreichende Rückstellungen für Pensionsverpflichtungen vornehmen to make proper provisions for pension liabilities;
    Rückstellungen für Steuern vornehmen to make provisions for taxation.

    Business german-english dictionary > Rückstellung

  • 3 Reserve

    Reserve f FIN reserve etw. in Reserve halten GEN keep sth in reserve
    * * *
    f < Finanz> reserve ■ etw. in Reserve halten < Geschäft> keep sth in reserve
    * * *
    Reserve
    reserve[s], reserve fund, bank, cushion (US sl.), (Bank) reserve, rest (Br.), (Leistung) idle-plant capacity, (Rückstellung) provision, (Zurückhaltung) distance;
    in Reserve in reserve (store), on a string;
    mit Reserven angereichert flush with reserves;
    abnehmende Reserven reserves running short;
    angemessene Reserve reserve adequacy;
    angesammelte Reserven accumulated reserves;
    ausgewiesene Reserve declared reserve, (Versicherungsgesellschaft) underwriting reserve;
    ausreichende Reserve adequate reserve, reserve adequacy;
    nicht ausreichende Reserven reserve deficiency;
    außerordentliche Reserve provident reserve fund, excess (US) (surplus, US, true, US) reserve;
    bare Reserve (Bankwesen) cash reserves;
    eingesetzte Reserve reserve set-up;
    erschöpfte Reserven depleted reserves;
    freie Reserven available reserve, reserve at disposal, (Versicherung) free surplus;
    gesetzliche Reserve statutory (legal, Br., lawful, US) reserve, (Bank) fractional reserves (US);
    über die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen hinausgehende Reserven (Bankwesen) surplus reserves;
    hinreichende Reserven adequate reserve, reserve adequacy;
    Ist-Reserve actual reserve, (Bank) reserves maintained;
    nutzbare Reserven productive resources;
    offene Reserve declared (disclosed, open, official) reserve;
    sofort realisierbare Reserven (Bankwesen) liquid reserves;
    rückläufige Reserven running down of reserves, fall in reserves;
    satzungsgemäße Reserve statutory reserve;
    sichtbare Reserven visible reserves;
    stille Reserven hoards, secret (latent, hidden, concealed, undisclosed, inner, passive) reserve, hidden (concealed) assets;
    strategische Reserve (Lager) stockpile, (mil.) mass of manoevre (Br.);
    überschüssige Reserven surplus reserve (US);
    unerschöpfliche Reserven unfailing resources;
    unnütze Reserven sterile reserves;
    unzureichende Reserven reserve deficiency;
    frei verfügbare Reserven available (general) reserves;
    gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Reserve (Bankwesen) statutory (legal, Br., lawful, US) reserve, fractional reserves (US);
    satzungsgemäß vorgeschriebene Reserve statutory reserve;
    vertraglich vorgesehene Reserven reserve required by contract;
    zweckbedingte Reserven reserve for special purposes;
    Reserve an Arbeitskräften labo(u)r reserve;
    neue Reserve von Arbeitskräften new pool of workers;
    Reserve für unvorhergesehene Ausgaben margin for unforeseen expenses;
    Reserven einer Bank bank (fractional, required, US) reserves;
    Reserve im Fall der Liquidation reserve capital;
    Reserve für besondere Fälle contingency fund, working margin;
    Reserven für zweifelhafte Forderungen bad-debt (US) (doubtful, Br.) reserve;
    Reserven für zurückkommende Verpackung return-package reserve;
    Reserven für schwebende Versicherungsfälle reserve for claims pending;
    Reserven angreifen to raid (draw on) the reserves;
    Reserven anlegen (Bilanz) to make provisions;
    finanzielle Reserven irgendwo im Ausland anlegen to build up a financial nest-egg somewhere abroad;
    unzureichende Reserven anreichern to rebuild inadequate reserves;
    Reserve ansammeln (aufbauen) to build up (accumulate) reserves;
    seine Reserven auffüllen to replenish one’s reserves;
    Reserve auflösen to release a reserve;
    Reserven bilden to create reserves;
    große Reserven bilden to put large sums to reserve;
    seine Reserven offen darlegen to disclose one’s reserves;
    Unangemessenheit der Reserven darlegen to disclose a material inadequacy of reserves;
    alle Reserven einsetzen to be working flat out (coll.);
    noch Reserven haben still to have some money on hand, to have on ice (US);
    unzureichende Reserven haben to be short in one’s reserves;
    Reserven einzusetzen haben to have much at stake;
    finanzielle Reserven als Rückhalt haben to have recourse to financial reserves;
    Reserven schwinden lassen to draw on one’s reserves;
    Reserven in immer stärkerem Maße in Anspruch nehmen to dip even deeper into reserves;
    sich keinerlei Reserven schaffen to put all one’s goods in the shopwindow;
    stille Reserven schaffen to build up a secret reserve fund;
    über ausreichende stille Reserven verfügen to be well padded with hidden reserves;
    den Reserven zugerechnet werden to be classifiable as reserve;
    von den Reserven zehren to draw on the reserves;
    Reserven aus dem Verkehr ziehen (Weltwährungsfonds) to cancel reserves;
    auf seine Reserven zurückgreifen to fall back on (draw [up]on) one’s reserves;
    Betrag den Reserven zuweisen to carry an amount to reserve;
    Reserveareal backdrop base;
    industrielle Reservearmee reserve army of enemployed labo(u)r;
    Reserveausweis reserve statement (US);
    Reservebetrag appropriated (reserved) surplus;
    Reservebetrag für unvorhergesehene Fälle contingency fund, working margin;
    kollektive Reserveeinheit (Währungsfonds) collective reserve unit;
    Reserveeinrichtungen stand-by facilities;
    Reserveexemplar spare copy;
    Reservefonds reserve fund;
    außerordentlicher Reservefonds consolidated account (Br.);
    Reserveforderung (Weltwährungsfonds) reserve claim;
    Reservegüter surplus commodities;
    Reserveguthaben (Weltwährungsfonds) reserve holding;
    Reservekapazität industrial plant reserve;
    gesetzlich nicht erforderliches Reservekapital non-statutory capital reserves;
    Reservekonto reserve (contingent, Br.) account;
    Reservekräfte emergency hands;
    Reservelager reserve stock, buffer warehouse, (Rohstoffe) buffer stock.

    Business german-english dictionary > Reserve

  • 4 создавать резервы

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > создавать резервы

  • 5 Reserven bilden

    Reserven bilden
    to create reserves

    Business german-english dictionary > Reserven bilden

  • 6 Rückstellungen vornehmen

    Rückstellungen vornehmen
    to set aside as reserve, to make provisions, to create reserves

    Business german-english dictionary > Rückstellungen vornehmen

  • 7 создавать резервы

    build up (make, set up, create) reserves

    Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > создавать резервы

  • 8 Rücklage

    Rücklage f 1. FIN reserve, handbag, purse; 2. RW reserve, surplus reserve (Bilanz: Kapitalrücklage – außenfinanziert – und Gewinnrücklagen – innenfinanziert – mit: gesetzliche Rücklage, Rücklage für eigene Anteile, satzungsmäßige Rücklagen, andere Rücklagen; cf Rücklagen)
    * * *
    f < Finanz> reserve, handbag, purse
    * * *
    Rücklage
    (Bilanz) provision (Br.), (Reserve) cushion (US sl.);
    Rücklagen reserve[s], reserve fund, appropriations (US), surplus (US), (Ersparnisse) savings;
    allgemeine Rücklage general [purpose contingency] reserve;
    ausgewiesene Rücklage declared reserves;
    bilanzmäßig ausgewiesene Rücklage balance-sheet reserves;
    bei der Liquidation ausschüttbare Rücklage reserve capital;
    außerordentliche Rücklage extraordinary (surplus) reserves, contingency (provident-reserve) fund, (Versicherung) catastrophe reserves;
    besondere Rücklage special contingency reserves;
    aus Geschäftssanierung entstandene Rücklage recapitalization surplus (US);
    aus Kapitalherabsetzung entstandene Rücklage recapitalization (reduction) surplus (US);
    freie (frei verfügbare) Rücklage available (voluntary) reserves, reserve at disposal, uncommitted reserves, free reserves (US), voluntary reserve fund, non-statutory capital reserves, discretionary appropriations (US), (Bank) excess reserves (US), (Versicherung) free surplus;
    aus Höherbewertung von Anlagegütern gebildete Rücklage revaluation (appraisal, US) surplus;
    gesetzliche (gesetzlich vorgeschriebene) Rücklage legal (Br.), (lawful, US) reserves, statutory reserve [fund], non-disposable capital, legal appropriations (US), (AG) [etwa] accumulated earnings (US), earned surplus (US);
    offene Rücklage declared (open, published) reserves;
    satzungsmäßige (satzungsmäßig vorgeschriebene) Rücklage reserve provided by the articles, statutory reserves, contractual (statutory) appropriations (US);
    sonstige Rücklage other accruals;
    stille Rücklage undisclosed (hidden) reserves;
    unzureichende Rücklage reserve deficiency;
    zweckgebundene Rücklage appropriated (reserved) surplus;
    zweckgebundene, offene Rücklage surplus reserve (US);
    Rücklage für Abschreibungen reserve for depreciation (wear, tear, obsolescence or inadequacy), depreciation fund;
    Rücklage zur Abschreibung langfristiger Anlagegüter amortization reserves;
    Rücklage für den Ankauf eigener Aktien reserve for purchase of treasury stock (US);
    Rücklage für Arbeitnehmerabfindungen employee compensation reserves, redundancy fund (Br.);
    Rücklage einer Bank bank’s (banking) reserves;
    Rücklage für Beteiligungen an Banken und Bankfirmen reserve against shareholding interests in foreign banks;
    Rücklage für Betriebserneuerungen reserve for additions, betterments and improvements;
    Rücklage für Betriebserweiterungen reserve for plant expansion (US);
    Rücklage für das Betriebskapital operating-cash reserve;
    Rücklage für Erneuerungszwecke reserve for additions, betterments and improvements;
    Rücklage für Erweiterungsbauten reserve for plant expansions (US)
    Rücklage für zweifelhafte Forderungen bad-debts (US) (doubtful, Br.) reserve;
    Rücklage für Gewährleistungsansprüche warranty reserves;
    Rücklage für Katastrophenfälle (Versicherung) reserve for catastrophes;
    Rücklage für Kursverluste reserve for loss on investment;
    Rücklage für Notfälle contingency reserves;
    Rücklage für laufende Risiken (Versicherungsgesellschaft) loss reserves;
    Rücklage für den Rückkauf von Vorzugsaktien reserve for retirement of preferred stocks (US), capital redemption reserve fund (Br.);
    Rücklage für Steuern tax reserves;
    Rücklage für den Tilgungsfonds reserve for sinking fund;
    Rücklage angreifen to draw on the reserves;
    seine Rücklage auffüllen to replenish one’s reserves;
    seine Rücklage aufzehren to overrun one’s reserves, to be a draw on one’s reserves;
    Rücklage bilden to create (form, accumulate, build up) reserves;
    seine Rücklage offen darlegen to disclose one’s reserves;
    in die freien Rücklage einstellen to appropriate to free reserves;
    in die offenen Rücklage einstellen to allocate to the published reserves;
    unzureichende Rücklage haben to be short in one’s reserves;
    Rücklage in immer stärkerem Maße in Anspruch nehmen to dip even deeper into reserves;
    Rücklage in Kapital umwandeln to capitalize its reserves;
    nicht offen angelegte Beträge in den stillen Rücklage verstecken to shunt undisclosed sums into inner reserves;
    im Geschäft als Rücklage verwenden to retain in business;
    den Rücklage zugerechnet werden to be classifiable as reserves;
    den Rücklage zuführen (zuweisen) to add (transfer, place) to the reserve fund, to add (transfer) to reserves;
    Betrag den Rücklage zuweisen to carry an amount (put a sum) to reserves.

    Business german-english dictionary > Rücklage

  • 9 riserva

    f reserve
    ( scorta) stock, reserve
    fig reservation
    motoring essere in riserva be running out of fuel
    fondo m di riserva reserve stock
    avere delle riserve pl su qualcosa have reservations about something
    senza riserve without reservation, wholeheartedly
    riserva naturale nature reserve
    fare riserva di stock up on
    * * *
    riserva s.f.
    1 ( scorta) reserve (anche fig.); supply, stock: riserva di farina, stock of flour; merci in riserva, goods in stock; le nostre riserve di grano si stanno esaurendo, our wheat supplies are running out; avere in riserva, to have in reserve (anche fig.); ho una buona riserva di argomenti, energia, I have a good store of arguments, energy // (aut.): la riserva di benzina, emergency (o reserve) supply of petrol; l'auto è in riserva, the car is (very) low on petrol; con la riserva faccio ancora 25 km, I'll be able to do another 25 km with the emergency supply // (ind. miner.): riserva mineraria, ore reserve; riserve a vista, misurate, developed reserves // (inform.): di riserva, backup: elaboratore di riserva, backup computer; attrezzatura di riserva, backup facilities // (econ.): riserve generali, general reserves; riserve sociali, corporate reserves; riserva occulta, hidden (o secret) reserve; riserva straordinaria, extraordinary (o surplus) reserve; riserva di ammortamento, depreciation reserve; riserva statutaria, statutory reserve; riserve ufficiali, official reserves (o reserve assets); prezzo di riserva, reservation price // (fin.): riserva monetaria, aurea, monetary, gold reserve; riserva metallica, metallic reserve; riserve valutarie, exchange reserves; fondo di riserva, reserve fund // (banca): riserva bancaria, bank reserve; riserva obbligatoria, legal bank reserve (o required reserve); riserve facoltative, libere, optional (o free) reserves // ( assicurazioni): riserva matematica, mean (o actuarial) reserve; riserva sinistri, reserve against unsettled claims
    2 ( restrizione) reserve, reservation: con le debite riserve, with due reservation; senza riserve, without reserve (o reservation); su di lui ho qualche riserva, I have some reservations about him; accetto con qualche riserva, I accept with some reservations; fare qualche riserva, to make some reservations (o conditions) // (dir.) riserva di legge, saving clause, ( nel diritto penale) prohibition of common law crimes (o legislature's exclusive power to create crimes); pagamento con riserva, payment under protest; vendita con riserva di gradimento, sale on approval (o on trial) // con riserva di tutti i diritti, all rights reserved // riserva mentale, mental reservation
    3 (mil., sport) reserve: (mil.) truppe di riserva, reserves (o supporting troops); (mil.) chiamare la riserva, to call up reserves
    4 ( terreno riservato) reserve; (di caccia, pesca) (game) reserve, (game) preserve: (ecol.) riserva naturale, nature (o wildlife) reserve (o wild park); riserva di fauna protetta, (wildlife) sanctuary; ha una vasta riserva, he has a large game preserve; cacciare in riserva, to shoot over a preserve // le riserve indiane del Nord-America, the Indian reservations of North America
    5 (tecn.) reserve; ( sostanza applicata alle parti da riservare) resist: un medaglione d'oro smaltato con un fiore inciso in riserva, a gold enamelled medallion with a flower engraved in reserve; un tessuto tinto a strisce con le riserve ricamate, a stripe dyed fabric with embroidered reserves.
    * * *
    [ri'sɛrva]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (scorta) reserve, standby, supply, stock

    di riserva — [ chiave] spare

    2) (limitazione, incertezza) reserve, reservation, qualification

    senza -e — [ accettare] without reservation o reserve; [ sostegno] unquestioning, unreserved

    con riserva — [ accettare] conditionally

    avere delle -e su qcs. — to have reservations about sth.

    3) (territorio protetto) reserve, sanctuary

    riserva naturale — nature reserve, wildlife reserve o park o sanctuary

    4) mil. reserve
    5) aut.

    essere in riservato be low o short on petrol BE o gas AE

    6) sport reserve (player), substitute (player), second string
    7) enol. reserve

    riserva 19901990 reserve o vintage

    * * *
    riserva
    /ri'sεrva/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (scorta) reserve, standby, supply, stock; - e petrolifere oil reserves; riserva aurea gold reserve; di riserva [ chiave] spare; ho una batteria di riserva I have an extra battery
     2 (limitazione, incertezza) reserve, reservation, qualification; senza -e [ accettare] without reservation o reserve; [ sostegno] unquestioning, unreserved; con riserva [ accettare] conditionally; avere delle -e su qcs. to have reservations about sth.; riserva mentale mental reservation
     3 (territorio protetto) reserve, sanctuary; riserva di caccia game reserve o preserve; riserva naturale nature reserve, wildlife reserve o park o sanctuary; riserva indiana Indian reservation
     4 mil. reserve
     5 aut. essere in riserva to be low o short on petrol BE o gas AE
     6 sport reserve (player), substitute (player), second string
     7 enol. reserve; riserva 1990 1990 reserve o vintage.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > riserva

  • 10 Rücklage

    f
    1. WIRTS. reserve(s Pl.); (Ersparnisse) savings Pl.
    2. Skisport: backward lean
    * * *
    die Rücklage
    reserve fund; reserve; appropriated retained earnings
    * * *
    Rụ̈ck|la|ge
    f
    (FIN = Reserve) reserve, reserves pl; (= Ersparnisse auch) savings pl
    * * *
    Rück·la·ge
    f
    1. (Ersparnisse) savings npl
    2. FIN (Reserve) reserve fund, reserves pl
    gesetzliche \Rücklage statutory reserve fund
    \Rücklagen [für etw akk] bilden (geh) to create a reserve fund [for sth]
    \Rücklage für Ersatzbeschaffung/Wertminderung reserve for replacements/deprecation
    freie/offene/stille \Rücklagen uncommitted/open/undisclosed reserves
    gesetzliche \Rücklagen legal reserves pl
    in der Satzung festgelegte \Rücklage reserve provided by the articles
    \Rücklagen stärken to replenish one's reserves
    * * *
    die savings pl.
    * * *
    1. WIRTSCH reserve(s pl); (Ersparnisse) savings pl
    2. Skisport: backward lean
    * * *
    die savings pl.

    eine kleine Rücklage haben — have a small sum saved up; have a small nest egg

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Rücklage

  • 11 nuevo

    adj.
    new, modern, recent, novel.
    * * *
    1 new
    2 (adicional) further
    nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 newcomer (principiante) beginner; (universidad) fresher (US freshman)
    \
    de nuevo again
    coger a alguien de nuevas to take somebody by surprise
    estar (como) nuevo,-a (objeto) to be as good as new 2 (persona) to feel like new, feel as good as new
    hacerse de nuevas to pretend not to know
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? familiar what's new?
    * * *
    (f. - nueva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=no usado) new

    como nuevo: estos pantalones están como nuevos — these trousers are just like new

    2) (=recién llegado) new
    3)

    de nuevo(=otra vez) again

    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problemaanother o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.
    Ex. We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex. This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex. We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex. A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex. Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex. Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex. News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex. This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex. Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex. He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex. The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex. This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex. One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    ----
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problemaanother o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.

    Ex: We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.

    Ex: This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex: We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex: A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex: Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex: Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex: This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex: News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex: This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex: Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex: He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex: The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex: This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex: One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.

    * * *
    nuevo -va
    A
    1 [ SER] (de poco tiempo) ‹coche/juguete/ropa› new
    me lo dejaron como nuevo it was as good as new when I got it back
    soy nuevo en la oficina I'm new in the office
    2 [ SER] (que sustituye a otro) ‹casa/novio/trabajo› new
    3 ( delante del n) (otro) ‹intento/cambio› further
    ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen
    decidieron darle una nueva oportunidad they decided to give him another chance
    4 [ SER] (original, distinto) ‹estilo/enfoque› new
    no dijo nada nuevo she didn't say anything new
    ¿que hay de nuevo? ( fam); what's new? ( colloq)
    5 [ ESTAR] (no desgastado) as good as new
    todavía lo tengo nuevo or (CS) nuevito it's still as good as new
    Compuestos:
    feminine new wave
    fpl new technology
    nuevo rico, nueva rica
    masculine, feminine nouveau riche
    masculine New Testament
    B
    de nuevo again
    de nuevo tengo el honor de … again o once again o once more I have the privilege of …
    * * *

     

    nuevo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    a) [ser] ‹estilo/coche/novio new;


    de nuevo again;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo what's new? (colloq);
    nuevo rico nouveau riche
    b) ( delante del n) ‹intento/cambio further;

    ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen;

    Nnuevo Testamento New Testament
    c) [estar] ( no desgastado) as good as new

    nuevo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 new: tengo un coche nuevo, I've got a new car
    2 (añadido) further: hay nuevas averías, there are further faults
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino newcomer
    (novato) beginner
    ♦ Locuciones: de nuevo, again
    ' nuevo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adicta
    - adicto
    - ambicionar
    - ambientarse
    - año
    - astronómica
    - astronómico
    - aterrizar
    - aviso
    - cara
    - cercado
    - continente
    - decir
    - desarrollar
    - editar
    - emocionada
    - emocionado
    - emplazar
    - entusiasmada
    - entusiasmado
    - escorrentía
    - estallido
    - excavar
    - flotación
    - ir
    - generar
    - hablar
    - impresión
    - incorporarse
    - mirlo
    - N. T.
    - nada
    - nueva
    - replantar
    - rumbo
    - sacar
    - salida
    - sanear
    - tener
    - testamento
    - vaya
    - contar
    - cuño
    - día
    - entrada
    - entrante
    - feliz
    - flamante
    - haber
    - inédito
    English:
    advertise
    - afford
    - afresh
    - again
    - agony
    - ambivalent
    - amorphous
    - analyst
    - anew
    - anticipate
    - arrest
    - assignment
    - austerity
    - authenticity
    - back
    - bash out
    - beating
    - bomb
    - book
    - brag
    - brand-new
    - bring up
    - brink
    - call back
    - chapter
    - clean
    - come out
    - comedown
    - commit
    - crisp
    - daunt
    - delay
    - design
    - dissuade
    - do
    - donation
    - drastic
    - drum up
    - exploit
    - fail
    - find
    - format
    - forthcoming
    - founder
    - fresh
    - fund
    - further
    - game
    - get
    - go up
    * * *
    nuevo, -a
    adj
    1. [reciente] new;
    tengo una casa nueva I've got a new house;
    es el nuevo director he's the new manager
    Nueva Caledonia New Caledonia;
    el nuevo continente [América] the New World;
    Nueva Delhi New Delhi;
    nuevo economía new economy;
    Hist Nueva España New Spain [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included Mexico, the southern part of the US and parts of Central America]; Hist Nueva Granada New Granada [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included the central and northwestern parts of South America];
    Nueva Guinea New Guinea;
    Nueva Inglaterra New England;
    Nueva Jersey New Jersey;
    Nuevo México New Mexico;
    el Nuevo Mundo the New World;
    la nueva ola the New Wave;
    el nuevo orden mundial the new world order;
    Nueva Orleans New Orleans;
    nuevo rico nouveau riche;
    nuevo sol [moneda] new sol;
    nuevas tecnologías new technology;
    el Nuevo Testamento the New Testament;
    Nueva York New York;
    Nueva Zelanda New Zealand
    2. [poco usado] new;
    este abrigo está nuevo this coat is new;
    un poco de betún y quedarán como nuevos with a bit of polish they'll be as good as new;
    después del baño me quedé como nuevo I felt like a new person after my bath
    3. [inédito] new;
    esto es nuevo para mí, no lo sabía that's news to me, I didn't know it
    4. [sin experiencia] new;
    soy nuevo en esta clase I'm new in this class;
    es nuevo en la profesión he's new to the profession
    5. [hortaliza] new, fresh;
    [vino] young
    6. [repetido] renewed,
    de nuevo again;
    se han producido nuevos enfrentamientos there have been renewed clashes
    nm,f
    newcomer
    * * *
    adj
    1 new;
    sentirse como nuevo feel like new;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what’s new?
    2 ( otro) another;
    de nuevo again
    * * *
    nuevo, -va adj
    1) : new
    una casa nueva: a new house
    ¿qué hay de nuevo?: what's new?
    2)
    de nuevo : again, once more
    * * *
    nuevo adj new
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?

    Spanish-English dictionary > nuevo

  • 12 sin reservas

    adj.
    1 without reserves, whole-hearted.
    2 absolute.
    adv.
    without reserves, with no reservation, wholeheartedly.
    * * *
    = unshielded, wholehearted [whole-hearted], go + the whole hog, the full monty, without reservation, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], forthright, categorical, uncompromising, uncompromisingly, unqualified, categoric, unmitigaged, unreserved, unreservedly
    Ex. A feeling of unshielded relief filled Pope's whole being.
    Ex. The project never achieved wholehearted international support and encouragement.
    Ex. The article 'Patent information: going the whole hog' presents an overview of Derwent's products in the patent information field.
    Ex. The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.
    Ex. Unfortunately, few of these are verified and convincing enough for us to accept them without reservation.
    Ex. I agree whole-heartedly that the subject approach is used chiefly by the beginner, whether it is a historical researcher or a high school student who is looking for term paper material.
    Ex. We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex. There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. For the first time the stress was uncompromisingly vertical, while the italic was intended to be a mechanically sloped roman, quite unconnected with calligraphy.
    Ex. Wing has not had the almost unqualified praise from the reviewers that Pollard and Redgrave received.
    Ex. The question of the need for categoric assurances is not locked into a 12 month timeframe or any other timeframe.
    Ex. Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex. It is also important that we all give them our unreserved support.
    Ex. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said Thursday he had unreservedly discussed all issues with visiting U.S. President Barack Obama.
    * * *
    = unshielded, wholehearted [whole-hearted], go + the whole hog, the full monty, without reservation, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], forthright, categorical, uncompromising, uncompromisingly, unqualified, categoric, unmitigaged, unreserved, unreservedly

    Ex: A feeling of unshielded relief filled Pope's whole being.

    Ex: The project never achieved wholehearted international support and encouragement.
    Ex: The article 'Patent information: going the whole hog' presents an overview of Derwent's products in the patent information field.
    Ex: The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.
    Ex: Unfortunately, few of these are verified and convincing enough for us to accept them without reservation.
    Ex: I agree whole-heartedly that the subject approach is used chiefly by the beginner, whether it is a historical researcher or a high school student who is looking for term paper material.
    Ex: We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex: There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: For the first time the stress was uncompromisingly vertical, while the italic was intended to be a mechanically sloped roman, quite unconnected with calligraphy.
    Ex: Wing has not had the almost unqualified praise from the reviewers that Pollard and Redgrave received.
    Ex: The question of the need for categoric assurances is not locked into a 12 month timeframe or any other timeframe.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: It is also important that we all give them our unreserved support.
    Ex: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said Thursday he had unreservedly discussed all issues with visiting U.S. President Barack Obama.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin reservas

  • 13 создавать

    1. build on

    создавать; основыват; основыватсяbuild on

    2. invent
    3. spring
    4. bring into being

    вводить в действие; создаватьbring into being

    5. call into being
    6. generate
    7. engender
    8. establish
    9. constructed
    10. constructing
    11. engineer
    12. engineered
    13. engineering
    14. give rise

    ампер-витки катушки создают магнитный поток … — the ampere-turns of the coil give rise to a magnetic flux …

    15. make up
    16. produce
    17. create; produce; build up; prepare
    18. construct
    19. frame
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. основывай (глаг.) образовывай; организовывай; основывай; учреждай; формируй
    2. созидай (глаг.) созидай; строй; твори
    Антонимический ряд:
    ломай; разрушай; рушь; уничтожай

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > создавать

  • 14 oro

    m.
    gold (metal).
    de oro gold
    oro en barras bullion
    oro en polvo gold dust
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: orar.
    * * *
    1 gold
    1 (color) golden
    1 (baraja española) ≈ diamonds
    \
    guardar algo como oro en paño to cherish something
    hacerse de oro to make a fortune
    no es oro todo lo que reluce all that glitters is not gold
    prometer el oro y el moro to promise the earth
    tener un corazón de oro to have a heart of gold
    oro de ley pure gold
    oro negro oil
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=metal) gold

    de orogold antes de s, golden frec liter

    oro en barrasgold bars pl, bullion

    oro negro — black gold, oil

    2) pl oros Esp (Naipes) one of the suits in the Spanish card deck, represented by gold coins
    See:
    ver nota culturelle BARAJA ESPAÑOLA in baraja
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable gold
    II
    1) ( metal) gold

    andar cargado al oro — (Chi fam) to be loaded (colloq)

    guardar/tener algo como oro en polvo (AmL) or (Esp) en paño — to treasure something (as if it were gold (AmE) o (BrE) gold dust)

    prometer el oro y el moroto promise the earth

    2) ( en naipes)
    * * *
    = gold.
    Ex. In a thesaurus on dentistry, for example, the term gold will be an NT under FILLING MATERIALS; it would make little sense to create a 'metals' or 'precious metals' hierarchy.
    ----
    * acabar con un broche de oro = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * adornado con pan de oro = gold-leafed.
    * aniversario de oro = golden anniversary.
    * bodas de oro = golden wedding.
    * buscador de oro = gold digger, gold prospector.
    * buscar oro = pan for + gold.
    * búsqueda de oro = gold digging.
    * corazón de oro = heart of gold.
    * costar el oro y el moro = cost + the earth, cost + an arm and a leg, cost + a pretty penny, cost + a fortune.
    * dar el oro y el moro = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * dar todo el oro del mundo = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * de oro macizo = solid-gold.
    * descubrir una mina de oro = strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * edad de oro = golden age.
    * el tiempo es oro = time is money.
    * enchapado en oro = gold-plated.
    * en oro = gilt.
    * en pan de oro = gold-leafed.
    * estampado en oro = gold tooling, goldblocking, gilt-tooled.
    * fiebre del oro, la = gold rush, the.
    * impresión en oro = gold tooling.
    * lingote de oro = gold bar.
    * mina de oro = goldmine [gold mine], gold mine.
    * no ser oro todo lo que reluce = not + it's cracked up to be.
    * No todo lo que reluce es oro = All that glitters is not gold, Not all that is gold glitters.
    * oportunidad de oro = golden opportunity.
    * oro batido = gold leaf.
    * oro en lingotes = gold bullion.
    * pan de oro = gold leaf.
    * patrón oro, el = gold standard, the.
    * pepita de oro = nugget of gold.
    * pico de oro = gift of the (gob/gab), the.
    * querer el oro y el moro = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * regla de oro = golden rule.
    * tener un corazón de oro = have + a heart of gold.
    * terminar con un broche de oro = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * valer el oro y el moro = cost + the earth, cost + an arm and a leg, cost + a pretty penny.
    * vellocino de oro, el = Golden Fleece, the.
    * yacimiento de oro = goldfield.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable gold
    II
    1) ( metal) gold

    andar cargado al oro — (Chi fam) to be loaded (colloq)

    guardar/tener algo como oro en polvo (AmL) or (Esp) en paño — to treasure something (as if it were gold (AmE) o (BrE) gold dust)

    prometer el oro y el moroto promise the earth

    2) ( en naipes)
    * * *
    = gold.

    Ex: In a thesaurus on dentistry, for example, the term gold will be an NT under FILLING MATERIALS; it would make little sense to create a 'metals' or 'precious metals' hierarchy.

    * acabar con un broche de oro = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * adornado con pan de oro = gold-leafed.
    * aniversario de oro = golden anniversary.
    * bodas de oro = golden wedding.
    * buscador de oro = gold digger, gold prospector.
    * buscar oro = pan for + gold.
    * búsqueda de oro = gold digging.
    * corazón de oro = heart of gold.
    * costar el oro y el moro = cost + the earth, cost + an arm and a leg, cost + a pretty penny, cost + a fortune.
    * dar el oro y el moro = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * dar todo el oro del mundo = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * de oro macizo = solid-gold.
    * descubrir una mina de oro = strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * edad de oro = golden age.
    * el tiempo es oro = time is money.
    * enchapado en oro = gold-plated.
    * en oro = gilt.
    * en pan de oro = gold-leafed.
    * estampado en oro = gold tooling, goldblocking, gilt-tooled.
    * fiebre del oro, la = gold rush, the.
    * impresión en oro = gold tooling.
    * lingote de oro = gold bar.
    * mina de oro = goldmine [gold mine], gold mine.
    * no ser oro todo lo que reluce = not + it's cracked up to be.
    * No todo lo que reluce es oro = All that glitters is not gold, Not all that is gold glitters.
    * oportunidad de oro = golden opportunity.
    * oro batido = gold leaf.
    * oro en lingotes = gold bullion.
    * pan de oro = gold leaf.
    * patrón oro, el = gold standard, the.
    * pepita de oro = nugget of gold.
    * pico de oro = gift of the (gob/gab), the.
    * querer el oro y el moro = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * regla de oro = golden rule.
    * tener un corazón de oro = have + a heart of gold.
    * terminar con un broche de oro = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * valer el oro y el moro = cost + the earth, cost + an arm and a leg, cost + a pretty penny.
    * vellocino de oro, el = Golden Fleece, the.
    * yacimiento de oro = goldfield.

    * * *
    oro1
    gold
    oro2
    A (metal) gold
    oro (de) 18 quilates 18-carat gold
    lingote/anillo de oro gold ingot/ring
    bañado en oro gold-plated
    reservas de oro gold reserves
    ¿80 pesos? ¡ni que fuera (de) oro! ¿80 pesos? what's it made of? solid gold or something?
    cabellos/rizos de oro ( liter); golden hair/curls ( liter)
    andar cargado al oro ( Chi fam); to have a lot of money on one ( colloq), to be flush ( colloq)
    guardar/tener algo como oro en polvo ( AmL) or ( Esp) en paño to treasure sth (as if it were gold ( AmE) o ( BrE) as if it were gold dust)
    hacerla de oro ( Chi fam): ahora si que la hiciste de oro ( iró); that was a really clever thing to do ( iro)
    ni por todo el oro del mundo not for all the tea in China ( colloq)
    prometer el oro y el moro to promise the earth
    valer (su peso en) oro to be worth one's weight in gold
    Compuestos:
    gold leaf
    white gold
    black gold
    old gold
    * * *

     

    Del verbo orar: ( conjugate orar)

    oro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    oró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    orar    
    oro
    orar ( conjugate orar) verbo intransitivo (frml) (Relig) to pray
    oro adjetivo invariable
    gold
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1 ( metal) gold;

    bañado en oro gold-plated;
    oro negro black gold;
    ni por todo el oro del mundo not for all the tea in China (colloq)
    2 ( en naipes)
    a) ( carta) any card of the

    oros suit

    b)

    oros sustantivo masculino plural ( palo) one of the suits in a Spanish pack of cards

    orar vi Rel to pray
    oro sustantivo masculino
    1 (metal) gold
    oro de ley, fine gold
    bañado/a en oro, gold-plated
    oro de 24 kilates, 24-carat gold
    una pulsera de oro, a golden bracelet
    2 (en la baraja española) oros, diamonds
    ♦ Locuciones: no es oro todo lo que reluce, all that glitters is not gold
    hacerse de oro, to become very rich
    prometer el oro y el moro, to promise the earth/the moon
    como los chorros del oro, as bright as a new pin
    ni por todo el oro del mundo, not for all the tea in China
    ' oro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bañar
    - boda
    - broche
    - buscador
    - buscadora
    - chapada
    - chapado
    - contender
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - descubrir
    - edad
    - gallina
    - ley
    - maciza
    - macizo
    - ni
    - orfebre
    - pan
    - pepita
    - pico
    - regla
    - relucir
    - reluciente
    - rubí
    - toisón
    - vellocino
    - bañado
    - barra
    - corazón
    - fiebre
    - legítimo
    - modalidad
    - podrido
    - quilate
    - regalar
    - sellar
    - sello
    English:
    bar
    - bullion
    - buttercup
    - cuff links
    - exorbitant
    - gift
    - gold
    - gold disc
    - gold dust
    - gold leaf
    - gold standard
    - gold-plated
    - golden
    - golden rule
    - golden wedding
    - hallmark
    - hoard
    - like
    - mine
    - missing
    - moneymaker
    - nugget
    - of
    - off
    - opportunity
    - out
    - overlay
    - prospect
    - prospector
    - real
    - rule
    - silence
    - strike
    - such
    - weight
    - carat
    - medalist
    - pan
    - plate
    - roll
    - rolled gold
    - sovereign
    - wedding
    * * *
    nm
    1. [metal] gold;
    un reloj de oro a gold watch;
    oro de 18 quilates 18-carat gold;
    Literario
    sus cabellos de oro her golden hair;
    Hum
    voy a guardar los oros [joyas de oro] I'm going to put away my gold jewellery;
    vestido de oro y negro all dressed up, dressed up to the nines;
    no lo haría ni por todo el oro del mundo I wouldn't do it for all the tea in China;
    guardar algo como oro en Esp [m5] paño o Am [m5] polvo to treasure sth;
    hacerse de oro to make one's fortune;
    no es oro todo lo que reluce all that glitters is not gold;
    Vulg
    oro del que cagó el moro [oro falso] fool's gold;
    [cosa de mala calidad] trash;
    pedir el oro y el moro to ask for the moon;
    prometer el oro y el moro to promise the earth;
    Am
    ser alguien oro en polvo to be an absolute treasure
    oro amarillo yellow gold;
    oro en barras bullion;
    oro batido gold leaf;
    oro blanco white gold;
    oro laminado rolled gold;
    oro de ley standard gold, pure o real gold;
    oro molido powdered gold;
    oro negro oil, black gold;
    oro en polvo gold dust;
    oro rojo red gold;
    oro viejo old gold
    2. Dep [medalla] gold;
    Kenia se llevó el oro Kenya won (the) gold
    3. [naipe] any card of the “oros” suit
    4.
    oros [palo] = suit in Spanish deck of cards, with the symbol of a gold coin
    5. [en escudo] or
    adj inv
    gold
    * * *
    m
    1 gold;
    de oro gold;
    no es oro todo lo que reluce all that glitters is not gold;
    guardar como oro en paño con mucho cariño treasure sth; con mucho cuidado guard sth with one’s life;
    prometer el oro y el moro promise the earth;
    hacerse de oro get rich
    2
    :
    oros en naipes: suit in Spanish deck of cards
    * * *
    oro nm
    : gold
    * * *
    oro n gold

    Spanish-English dictionary > oro

  • 15 Rücklage bilden

    Rücklage bilden
    to create (form, accumulate, build up) reserves

    Business german-english dictionary > Rücklage bilden

  • 16 anreichern

    anreichern
    to enrich;
    Devisenreserven anreichern to fatten the foreign exchange;
    erhebliche Liquiditätsreserven anreichern to create a strong potential of cash reserve;
    unzureichende Rücklagen anreichern to rebuild inadequate reserves.

    Business german-english dictionary > anreichern

  • 17 Rücklage

    Rück·la·ge f
    1) ( Ersparnisse) savings npl
    2) fin ( Reserve) reserve fund, reserves pl;
    \Rücklagen [für etw] bilden ( geh) to create a reserve fund [for sth]

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Rücklage

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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